2019

Portefølje Naturvitenskap og teknologi ikon

Forskningssystemet

Portefølje Humaniora og samfunnsvitenskap ikon

Banebrytende forskning

Portefølje Samisk ikon

Samisk samfunn og kultur

Portefølje Demokrati, styring og fornyelse ikon

Demokrati og global utvikling

Portefølje Velferd, kultur og samfunn ikon

Velferd og utdanning

Portefølje Helse ikon

Helse

Portefølje Klima- og polarforskning ikon

Klima og miljø

Portefølje Landbasert mat, miljø og bioressurser ikon

Mat og bioressurser

Portefølje Energi, transport og lavutslipp ikon

Energi og transport

Portefølje Muliggjørende teknologier ikon

Muliggjørende teknologier

Portefølje Industri og tjenestenæringer ikon

Innovasjon

LTP2 Klima, miljø og miljøvennlig energi ikon

Klima, miljø og energi

LTP2 Samfunnssikkerhet og samhørighet ikon

Samfunnstryggleik og beredskap

LTP2 Fornyelse i offentlig sektor ikon

Velferdstjenester

Forsidebilde

Marin ikon

Petroleum og mineraler

LTP Hav ikon

Hav og kyst

LTP2 Muliggjørende og industrielle teknologier ikon

Mogleggjerande industrielle teknologiar

Tillit og fellesskap

LTP2 Utvikle fagmiljøer av fremragende kvalitet

Høg kvalitet og tilgjengeleg

LTP2 Styrket konkurransekraft og innovasjonsevne ikon

Sterkare konkurransekraft og innovasjonsevne

LTP3 Helse

Et innovativt næringsliv ikon

Styrket konkurransekraft og innovasjonsevne

Portefolje Petroleum Ikon

Portefølje Hav ikon

Portefølje Utdanning og kompetanse ikon

Portefølje Global utvikling og internasjonale relasjoner ikon

Portefølje Livsvitenskap ikon

Forsidebilde optimalisert

project-bank-technical

Muliggjørende teknologier bakgrunn

Marin bakgrunnsbilde

Statistikk

Prosjektbanken presenterer statistikk og informasjon om prosjekter med finansiering fra Forskningsrådet fra 2004. Statistikken er fordelt på blant annet tema, år, geografi og organisasjon. Prosjektbanken gir også detaljert informasjon om de enkelte prosjektene.

...eller se sammendrag og annen informasjon om prosjektene i utvalget ditt

Forside

Hvordan tildelingene fordeler seg på institusjoner, fylker, fagområder o.l....

Her er noen eksempler på søk du kan gjøre i Prosjektbanken

Alle porteføljestyrer

En god beskrivelse av denne siden for søkemotoroptimalisering

Alle langtidsplanmål

Veiledning: Hvordan bruke Prosjektbanken.no

Om Fritekstsøk

Ingen populærvitenskapelig framstilling tilgjengelig


Prosjektet med prosjektnummer {{project number}} ble ikke funnet

Teknisk beskrivelse

Oisann, her gikk noe galt. Kan du prøve å laste siden på nytt?  Dersom feilen vedvarer, vennligst kontakt oss.         

Se statistikk relatert til dette langtidsplanmålet

Se prosjekter relatert til dette langtidsplanmålet

knyttet til dette LTP-målet har blitt tildelt penger

har blitt tildelt til prosjekter knyttet til dette LTP-målet

har blitt tildelt til prosjekter knyttet til denne porteføljen

knyttet til denne porteføljen har blitt tildelt penger

Om Prosjektbanken

Kunnskapsdepartement

Humaniora

Oslo

UoH-sektor

Portefølje Banebrytende forskning

Frittstående prosjekter

Koordinerings- og støtteaktivitet

Forskere har lenge debattert om spesifikke endringer i måten genene våre reguleres på, kalt epigenetiske endringer eller "epimutasjoner," kan øke risikoen for kreft. Våre nylige banebrytende undersøkelser har gitt sterke bevis på at epimutasjoner faktisk er en risikofaktor for visse typer kreft.
I en studie av en stor gruppe kvinner fant vi at de som hadde epimutasjoner i BRCA1-genet, hadde mye større risiko for å utvikle trippel-negativ brystkreft og høygradig serøs eggstokkreft senere i livet. Disse epimutasjonene ser ut til å oppstå tidlig under fosterutviklingen, og fører til at det fødte barnet (og senere det voksne individet) har en mosaikk av celler i kroppen, der noen få celler bærer epimutasjonen.
Nå har vi som mål å utvide disse studiene til andre gener og andre former for kreft. For å gjøre dette vil vi analysere blodprøver fra en studie som har rekruttert over 160 000 kvinner i USA.
Hvis denne forskningen lykkes, kan den revolusjonere vår forståelse av hvordan kreft utvikler seg og føre til bedre forebyggende tiltak. Det kan også ha store implikasjoner for kreftscreeningprogrammer og genetisk veiledning for personer med høy risiko for visse typer kreft.
Alt i alt fremhever vår forskning den viktige rollen som epigenetiske endringer kan spille i kreftutvikling og understreker behovet for ytterligere undersøkelser på dette området.

Cancers result from accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations. The minority of cancers are due to inherited (germline) alterations that affect all cells in the body. On the other hand, the majority of cancers (>85%; sporadic cancers) are believed to occur due to localised alterations that accumulate after birth as a result of stochastic processes and/or environmental effects. Recently, in a major breakthrough work, we have provided definitive evidence that some sporadic cancers arise in adult life due to mosaic BRCA1 epimutations that occurred during the early embryonic development. BRCA1 epimutations have a surprisingly high population frequency (>5% of adult women) and hazard ratios for breast and ovarian cancer (2.4 and 1.9, respectively). Together with the findings of epimutations in other tumour suppressor genes (MGMT, MLH1, etc) this has led us to hypothesise that a substantial fraction of other sporadic cancers can be attributed to prenatal epimutations in other tumour suppressor genes.

In this project, we will use ultradeep targeted methylation sequencing for quantitative and qualitative analyses of epimutations. Evaluation of cancer risk related to epimutations will be done by studying samples from prospective biobanks (WHI) with samples from healthy women that remained cancer-free or developed different types of incident cancers years/decades after samples were taken. We will also characterise epimutations present in samples of newborn boys and girls, as well as their parents (MoBa biobank). Finally, using cryopreserved blood-derived stem-like cells from young healthy males and female breast cancer patients (in-house biobank), we will assess mutational and epimutational mosaicism at the single-cell level, generating clonal phylogeny for the methylated cells and thus providing insights on early-developmental processes that create epimutations.

Mosaic epimutations: population prevalence, mechanistic origins, and their role in cancer

Mennesker påvirker marine økosystemer på mange måter, som gjennom klimaendringer, forurensning og overfiske. Kumulative effekter refererer til de samlede effektene av slike stressfaktorer. Disse utgjør en av de største truslene mot økosystemer og biologisk mangfold. Likevel vet vi lite om hvordan stressfaktorer virker sammen i komplekse økosystemer. Dette gjør det utfordrende å forvalte våre kyst- og havområder bærekraftig.

CLIMAX-prosjektet har som mål å bedre forstå kumulative påvirkninger gjennom datasimuleringer. Det introduserer innovative modellerings- og dataanalysemetoder som kombinerer dagens datakraft med kunnskapen som økologer har bygget i flere tiår gjennom felt- og laboratoriestudier.

CLIMAX vil vise potensialet til disse nye metodene med en casestudie: menneskelige påvirkninger i Skagerrak og Kattegat. Her tar prosjektet for seg to sentrale miljøspørsmål. For det første vet vi allerede mye om de enkelte stressfaktorenes effekter på individuelle arter – men hvordan samhandler disse stressorene ved å skape økosystemendringer som redusert biologisk mangfold og produktivitet? For det andre, hvordan påvirker langvarig stress økosystemets evne til å motstå og komme seg etter ekstreme hendelser som marine hetebølger?

Marine økosystemer er bemerkelsesverdig stabile, men kumulative påvirkninger kan overvelde deres evne til å motstå og komme seg etter forstyrrelser. Derfor kan CLIMAX sine resultater forbedre bærekraftig bruk og vern av marine økosystemer i Norge og andre steder.

Cumulative impacts refer to the combined effects of multiple stressors on an ecosystem, e.g., climate change, pollution, and fishing. They are one of the biggest threats to ecosystems and biodiversity, but understanding them better remains a grand challenge in marine ecology. Modeling is a crucial component of tackling this challenge. However, current modeling approaches contradict empirical studies, suffer from data limitations, or ignore the statistical possibilities arising when ecosystem simulations are run many times. New modeling and analysis approaches are therefore needed. CLIMAX aims to 1) make a leap in the modeling of cumulative impacts and 2) exploit this methodological progress to understand how cumulative impacts emerge at the ecosystem scale.

CLIMAX’s scientific potential comes from a novel combination of leading-edge computational methods and a strong foundation in the empirical literature. This integration of methods is based on three ideas. First, ecosystem models (here, Ecospace) can simulate how stressor effects identified in empirical studies might ripple through the food web. Second, ecosystem models can generate big data about the simulated ecosystem in computational experiments (running the model many times with changing inputs). Third, such big data allow for unprecedented statistical analyses of how ecosystem-scale changes might emerge in the model system. CLIMAX will develop these methods, make them available in free software, and show their scientific potential by addressing two critical research questions: 1) How might stressor interactions at the ecosystem scale emerge from known effects on individual species? 2) How do chronic stressors affect ecological resilience to short-term, extreme disturbances like marine heatwaves?

By combining the best computational methods and harnessing the unprecedented computing power available today, CLIMAX has the potential to set an ambitious agenda for modeling cumulative impacts for decades to come.

Understanding cumulative human impacts in a marine ecosystem with computational experiments

Deciphering Evolutionary Innovations: Comparative genomics of the origin and loss of venom in marine snails

The VENORIGN project aims to understand the evolution of novelty in biology. A major goal of contemporary evolutionary biology is to decipher the molecular basis of major phenotypic innovations in organisms, such as winged flight in birds and echolocation in whales. However, most cases of evolutionary novelty involve complex interactions among multiple genes, each with only minor effects. To address this challenge, we turn to venomous marine snails, specifically the Conoidea group, which includes cone snails and related species. Venom in these snails is linked to a limited set of proteins called toxins, representing the primary genetic changes responsible for the shift from non-venomous to venomous animals. The long-standing interest in cone snail toxins provides a unique context for studying this transition. Yet, the origins of the conoidean venom system and the processes governing multiple venom losses remain poorly understood. This project tests the hypothesis that the origin and loss of conoidean venom resulted from rapid genomic and morphological changes and will investigate these genetic and morphological alterations driving venom's emergence and disappearance. Using cutting-edge methods spanning morphology, taxonomy, genomics, and transcriptomics, we will analyze venomous and non-venomous conoidean and related species. This comprehensive comparison will reveal the processes governing venom acquisition and loss, shedding light on the principles of evolutionary novelty. Our work extends beyond venomous snails, offering a novel model to understand the molecular foundations of significant evolutionary changes. These findings will contribute to our understanding of how novel traits emerge in various biological systems, including human pathogens and agricultural development.

RMIT EU spearheads the Driving Climate Positive Futures (DREAM+PLAN), a truly interdisciplinary, international and intersectoral PhD program, uniting European and Australian research via 32 doctoral positions for double degree.  DREAM+PLAN brings together a community of visionary changemakers, leaders, who dream big and develop tangible pathways for solving local and global climate-related challenges, all united by a mission to create a positive impact, towards a more sustainable, fair, inclusive and thriving planet for future generations.  The need for  1. resilience (ability to withstand and recover from disruptions),  2. restoration (ability to repair or rehabilitate degraded ecosystems) and  3. regeneration (fostering the renewal, revitalization and replenishment of ecosystems, communities)  research is more acute than ever.   The overarching objectives of DREAM+PLAN research training program is to create and deliver, legacy-worthy, novel, cutting-edge, 3i-centric training through best-practice multi-faceted, multi-modal group and individual training options for DCs. Ultimately, breeding the next generation of high-performing ESRs equipped with a unique set of skills and capabilities to fully comprehend and address the multifaceted nature and scale of climate change, across sectors.  DREAM+PLAN’s training program is aligned to contribute to EU Missions, the European Green Deal and supporting RIS3 strategies and includes 3 annual doctoral schools, adopting a novel scaffolding approach.  DREAM+PLAN will fully embrace diversity and through its ecosystem approach, develop pathways for ESRs towards new mindsets, behaviours, technologies, policies supporting the transition to more sustainable, fairer, and productive futures. 

Driving Climate Positive Futures

HydroConnect focuses on the connectivities afforded by hidden, underground fresh water that surfaces along the coastlines of islands lacking accessible, perennial fresh water. It explores how Austronesian-speaking seafarers transformed such freshwater ‘seeps’ into wells throughout the South China Sea and Indo-Pacific, affording sea-routes around these well networks. Thus, HydroConnect breaks with the tendency in the social sciences and historiography to analytically privilege oceans or navigable rivers as vectors of global connections and history-making.  With the innovative concept of hydroconnectivities – human connections afforded by fresh water access – HydroConnect develops a novel theoretical framework linking the terrestrial and the aquatic through comparative historical ethnography of Austronesian speakers’ Indigenous knowledge, which has crossed oceans and flowed down generations, travelling between different groups of people. Deploying a cyclical tidalectic methodology transcending anthropology, archaeology and geology, it breaks new methodological and theoretical ground for conceptualising global history through hydrological connectivities across these chains of island worlds in different oceans.  First, it studies how this travelling Indigenous knowledge enabled hydroconnectivities that opened up sea routes and integrated fresh water, well infrastructure, and ecological and social exchanges across immense oceanic spaces in the past. Second, the project maps and theorizes how present-day descendants and successors of Austronesian-speaking seafarers benefit from vernacular hydrological knowledge of underground freshwater seeps. Thus, it advances analogical knowledge for tackling groundwater depletion to enable past-informed and future-oriented water policies for the sustainable management of the Earth’s aquifers. 

Global Hydroconnectivities beyond Oceans, Seas and Rivers

Health, European Muslims and Gender: Medical Authority and Assisted Reproductive Technologies in Sunni Islam

Infertility is estimated to affect an average of 14% people worldwide. It is an issue that affects equally both men and women, although it is often associated with a women’s social burden and the case of Islam is not an exception. While religion influences Muslims’ health beliefs, behaviours and decisions, health providers are not always aware of cultural and religious preferences and norms. Thus, Islamic norms on health treatments can result in Muslim’s exclusion from the health care system, especially affecting Muslim women. This can especially impact issues on infertility and reproduction, which holds exceptional moral and social significance across religions. Through an innovative focus, this project aims to advance scientific knowledge about how Sunni Muslims in a minority context in Europe navigate between the authority of medical science and the authority of religion, and to what extent this affect their access to health care.. The project will provide empirical data and develop a theoretical framework based on gender studies, sociology of religion and anthropology of health literatures. This will be achieved by applying intersectional perspective and qualitative methodologies, consisting of semi-structured interviews with Health Professionals and Muslims who have had fertility treatments. The research will be conducted in two European cities: Oslo and Barcelona. Both cities have experienced a rapid increase in religious diversity in last decades but are different in their organisation of religious communities and of health systems. The comparison between the two cities will provide insights into differences among Sunni Muslims around negotiating health, religious and gender issues. This project will contribute to new avenues of investigation concerning the life conditions of Sunni Muslims in Europe and will develop new knowledge on health inequality that may be adapted for future research on other religious minorities or vulnerable groups. 

Crustacean sentience (the capacity of this group to experience emotions) has sparked a heated debate across multiple disciplines, particularly as it could impact several major sectors such as fisheries and aquaculture. The outdated argument that animals do not experience negative emotions (such as pain) because they lack conscience, has been proven wrong for vertebrates and some invertebrates (e.g. octopus), but remains controversial for crustaceans. There is evidence of criteria consistent with the idea of pain, as crustaceans have and activate nociceptive pathways, but there is no evidence of the neural pathways integrating the responses nor the demonstration of the awareness thereafter. This is partly due to the ‘dispersed’  central nervous system (CNS) these animals present, with multiple ganglia, but no ‘brain’ as a focal point. To overcome this, MACS aims to apply new technology to measure 9 simultaneous nerve signals (8 ganglia and the heart) to fully understand the nociceptive pathways and how are they integrated in crustaceans’ CNS. This approach will tackle the principle of triangulation by (1) The development of an electroencephalogram (EEG) to record the nervous system of commercially important crustacean species; (2) the characterization of pain and stress through physiological and molecular animal-based indicators; and (3) the evaluation of behaviour and its neurological integration pathway.  As such, this multidisciplinary study will only be possible through a combination of my crustacean stress physiology background, my supervisor’s knowledge of the central nervous system anatomy, and my second supervisor's expertise in aquatic species' EEG. The outcome of this fellowship will range from CNS studies to validate current industrial practices (during a non-academic placement), to socio-economic impacts involving the society's concern for animal welfare. The knowledge and skills gained from this project will allow me to become an independent researcher.

Multidisciplinary Assessment of Crustacean Sentience

Due to its multidrug resistance (MDR), Enterococcus faecium (Efm) poses a challenge to the healthcare system and renders most standard antibiotics useless.  Bacteriophage (phage) therapy has resurfaced as a treatment strategy for bacterial infections due to increasing antibiotic resistance. Its advantages include specificity, low side effects and production costs, especially when used in combination with standard-of-care antibiotics.  Phage therapy has been successful in compassionate use, but its wider implementation is hindered by a lack of knowledge on which antibiotics phages synergize and the mechanisms behind remain elusive.  Our project is unique in that it aims to enable the use of conventional antibiotics in MDR Efm through phages. We want to explore which antibiotic classes phages synergize with, which survival strategies Efm uses against phages, and how host factors influence the ability of the antibiotic-phage combination to kill Efm. First, we will investigate phages' interaction with different antibiotic classes against Efm. We will explore the dynamics of phage-antibiotic combinations and whether they are additive, synergistic, or antagonistic. Second, potential phage survival strategies of Efm will be investigated. Additionally, membrane vesicles will be investigated as a potential survival strategy against phages, and their ability to act as a decoy and protect the bacterium from phages will be studied. Third, we will investigate the impact of host factors on the phage-antibiotic killing of Efm, to see whether they can enhance or suppress the phage-antibiotic killing. This approach will provide a deeper understanding of the phages-antibiotic interaction against MDR Efm strains, as well as potential survival systems of Efm which may also shed light on possible mitigation strategies.  Overall, this approach has the potential to enable the use of standard-of-care drugs against MDR bacterial infections in general.

Phages against MDR Enterococcus faecium

Chemosensation is a critical signalling process for sea cucumbers which relies on the interaction between their chemosensory receptors and various ligands for foraging and reproduction. Although there is a vast amount of research on the chemistry of secreted specialized metabolites of sea cucumbers, and some behavioural data evidencing chemoreception of these metabolites, the chemosensory receptors of these organisms have not yet been identified and nothing is known about the physiology behind sea cucumber chemosensation. This setback is in large part because the scientific approach behind studying chemosensation requires a vast array of techniques and expertise in ethology, chemistry, molecular biology, and biophysics.  Firstly, a behaviour associated with a chemical cue must be quantifiable, secondly, the precise chemical cue eliciting the behaviour response must be identified and isolated, thirdly, the chemosensory receptor of this specific cue needs to be identified on a tissue, cellular, and molecular level, and finally, the activation of this specific receptor by a specific chemical cue must elicit a measurable response on a molecular, cellular, tissue, and organismal level. Through this project, I will elucidate the physiology of chemical communication between sea cucumber by considering these sequential steps in chemosensation. With my previous experience in sea cucumber ethology and chemistry, SensHolo will enrich my skill base in molecular biology and biophysics so that the mechanisms behind intraspecific chemical communication between sea cucumbers may be determined from both the emitter and receiver perspective; from signal to receptor.  This holistic approach will be ground-breaking in chemosensation and sea cucumber research. It will enable future research to address the evolution of chemosensation in marine invertebrates and the chemical ecology of sea cucumbers both in the context of optimizing aquaculture and in their ecological conservation.

Chemosensation in Holothruoids

Extending Techniques in Wall-Crossing and Enumerative Sheaf Theory

The goal of ExtWest (Applying and Extending Techniques in Wall-Crossing and Enumerative Sheaf Theory) is twofold: First, we plan to find and realize new applications of the recent technical developments in the field of enumerative sheaf theory, thereby proving new groundbreaking results. Second, we plan to develop new techniques inspired by the extisting results, and to thereby extend the range of accessible questions in this research area.

Autonomous Drilling Rig

Midlene fra REKRUTTERING-REKRUTTERING fordelt på år

Midlene fra REKRUTTERING-REKRUTTERING fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra REKRUTTERING-REKRUTTERING fordelt på fagområde

Doktorgradsprosjektet dreier seg om å utvikle neste generasjon autonome borerigg. Denne maskinen opererer i tunneler og gruver globalt, og brukes til å bore hull i en "drill and blast" operasjon når tunnelen eller gruven drives videre innover i fjellet.

Boreriggen har 3 armer, som alle har hvert sitt bor. Disse kan kjøres på samme tid til forskjellige borehull. Det vil bli utviklet et system som kjører bommene automatisk til de ønskede borehull uten å kollidere med hverandre. Dette vil senke tidsbruken for operasjonen. Systemet vil også estimere riggens oppstilling relativt til tunnelen. Ønskede borehull, som defineres i en boreplan, vil sees i sammenheng med riggens oppstilling, for å sikre at de faktiske hullene som bores er i henhold til plan. 

Prosjektet vil danne et godt grunnlag for at maskinen får selvkjørende egenskaper, som bidrar til økt effektivitet og en sikrere hverdag for operatørene.

Hensikten med prosjektet er å utvikle neste generasjon autonome borerigg. Maskinen vil muliggjøre en mer effektiv, sikker og miljøvennlig boreoperasjon.

Autonom borerigg

Hovedtema for konferansen som finner sted 10.-12. januar 2019 er Hope in dark times? Det er planlagt følgende hovedsesjoner, hvor følgende innledere og respondenter har sagt seg villige til å bidra:

The pragmatics of hope
Speaker: Jan-Olav Henriksen, Det teologiske menighetsfakultet, Oslo
Respondents: Niels Henrik Gregersen, Copenhagen and Arnfríður Guðmundsdóttir, Reykjavik

Body and hope
Speaker: Johanne Stubbe T. Christensen, Copenhagen
Respondents: Anna Rebecca Solevåg, VID Stavanger and Ville J. Päivänsalo, Helsinki

Hope after Holocaust
Speaker: Jayne Svennungsson, Lund
Respondents: Marius Timmann Mjaaland, Det teologiske fakultet, Universitet i Oslo, Oslo

Hope(lessness) and politcal agency
Speaker: Sólveig Anna Bóasdóttir, Reykjavik
Respondents: Elena Namli, Uppsala and Sturla Stålsett, Det teologiske menighetsfakultet

Is there hope in transhumanism?
Speaker: Mikael Lindfeldt, Åbo
Respondents: Anne Kull, Tartu and Ola Sigurdsson, Gothenburg.

Se også konferansens webside https://www.vid.no/arrangementer/nordic-systematic-theology-conference/

REKRUTTERING-REKRUTTERING

Autonom borerigg

Alternativ tittel: Autonomous Drilling Rig

Tildelt: kr 2,2 mill.

Populærvitenskapelig framstilling

Sammendrag

Budsjettformål:

REKRUTTERING-REKRUTTERING

Finansieringskilder

Temaer og emner