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Tenk deg å skulle forklare hva en tro eller betydningen av en setning egentlig er. Vi bruker disse tingene hele tiden—når vi sier «jeg tror det blir regn», eller når vi forstår en spøk—men de viser seg å være overraskende vanskelige for vitenskapen å gripe. Selv enkle ideer kan lure teoriene våre. To setninger kan alltid være sanne i de samme situasjonene, men likevel bety helt forskjellige ting. Og når vi prøver å modellere disse forskjellene, støter vi ofte på paradokser.

Dette prosjektet henter inn en overraskende helt fra dype lag av matematikken: en teknikk som kalles forcing. Forcing lar matematikere bygge nye “virtuelle” verdener for å utforske hva som kan være sant eller falskt i dem. Det har forandret vår forståelse av uendelighet og grunnlaget for matematikken. Men det har aldri blitt brukt til å forstå betydning—før nå.

Prosjektets hovedidé er denne: i stedet for å behandle utsagn som bare sanne eller falske, gir vi dem større spillerom. Vi lar sannhet komme i mange nyanser, slik at vi kan fange små, men viktige forskjeller i betydning, tro eller informasjon. Disse sannhetsnyansene bygges med kraftige matematiske verktøy som opprinnelig ble utviklet for å studere mengdenes univers.

Med denne tilnærmingen håper vi å skape et nytt og solid grunnlag for å studere betydning, tanke og informasjon—et grunnlag som unngår gamle paradokser og avslører nye sammenhenger. Prosjektet befinner seg i skjæringspunktet mellom filosofi, logikk og matematikk, og har som mål å åpne et nytt kapittel i forståelsen av ideene som former vår tenkning.

This project explores how powerful mathematical techniques can help us better understand complex ideas central to human thought, such as belief, meaning, knowledge, and information. These so-called intensional entities are crucial across philosophy, linguistics, psychology, and computer science—but traditional approaches often struggle to represent them precisely, especially when small differences in meaning matter.

To address this, the project applies a groundbreaking method from mathematical logic—known as forcing—to build a new, unified framework for modeling intensional entities. Originally developed to study different possible mathematical universes, forcing provides a highly flexible structure that we aim to adapt to philosophical and semantic questions. 

The main objectives are:

(1) to develop a robust semantic framework capable of capturing fine-grained distinctions in meaning,
(2) to apply this framework to longstanding problems involving belief, knowledge, and truth, and
(3) to investigate the broader philosophical implications of using these mathematical tools to understand thought and reasoning.

The project combines methods from logic, philosophy, and mathematics, and includes both theoretical development and conceptual analysis. A key challenge is ensuring that the framework remains expressive and precise without leading to paradoxes—a common issue in theories of meaning.  By uniting formal techniques with philosophical inquiry, the project aims to make a substantial contribution to foundational research, offering new tools and perspectives for logic, language, and cognition.

Intensionality and Forcing: A New Model-Theoretic Synthesis

RESIST will be the first research to redefine our current legal categories of citizenship and statehood in the extreme case of sea level rise submerging the whole territory of a state. The international community has no experience in managing the disappearance of whole territorial states as a result of environmental disruptions, nor has it designed international legal norms to account for such an eventuality. In this view, RESIST first examines a real-world case, namely the unique case study of Tuvalu, where recent constitutional amendments (2023) have innovated the notion of statehood in light of the impacts of climate change or other causes resulting in loss to its physical territory. More specifically, Tuvalu is the first State to introduce a novel definition of statehood in its Constitution that does not require physical territory as a necessary condition for being recognized as an independent state. Second, it shows the shortcomings of these current legal categories in tackling present and future challenges deriving from the climate crisis and climate-induced migration in particular.Third, it develops alternative and/or broader understandings of citizenship and statehood to better cope with these challenges.Finally,it formulates policy recommendations for how to address the challenge of climate-induced migration of whole states and states that lose a significant part of their territory in a fair manner. The main goal of RESIST is to equip democracies with new conceptual and legal instruments to prevent climate emergencies from being tackled in a way that violates basic human rights. Such a goal is achieved through the following methodology: literature review and legal mapping exercise conducted through the research desk over open-access documents, collection of further contributions through a Special Issue, and semi-structured interviews conducted during a secondment in Australia at the Australian National University College of Law and fieldwork in Tuvalu.

Democracies in the Climate Crisis: Redefining Citizenship and Statehood in Sinking States

Using seed functional traits to understand and predict alpine plant responses to global climate change

To improve predictions of how plants may persist or disappear from ecosystems, we urgently need improved understanding of how climate change affects a critical and vulnerable plant life-history stage and transition–seeds and seed recruitment. Seed ecology is a growing discipline, yet it lacks some of the recent standardised methods and centralised resources of other plant sciences, such as the core databases and methodological handbooks that have spurred plant functional trait innovation since the early 2000s.  Alpine areas can provide a glimpse of our future under climate change because they are warming faster than global averages and because alpine ecosystems are temperature-limited and hence more vulnerable to warming. Long-term warming experiments demonstrate that this vulnerability can alter vegetation structure, which in turn may change vegetation function, particularly carbon cycling. To predict which plants will persist, we need better data and frameworks for understanding how seeds and seed recruitment in the alpine respond to warmer climates.  I will (1) publish a standardised handbook of core seed trait measurements, (2) collect new trait data from seed collections and harmonise existing datasets to form a publicly accessible alpine seed trait database, (3) establish a functional trait-based framework of seed ecology, and (4) experimentally test how seeds respond to warming as a demonstration of how these new resources can rapidly expand our understanding of climate change effects on seed ecology.

Beyond classical devices, functional material, such as ferroic materials, hold great promise for future nanoelectronic device concepts, enabling faster, smarter and more energy efficient computation. This new generation of materials develops in the direction of increased system complexity, and often involves complex 3D structures at the nanoscale with atomically sharp interfaces. The progress is catalyzed by the ability to resolve their properties at the relevant length scales, an increasingly difficult task.  As an MSCA fellow, Dr. Kasper Hunnestad will integrate migration, an existing computational method in geophysics, to conductive atomic force miscopy (cAFM). cAFM is typically limited to surface conductance measurements, whereas migration is a powerful technique employed for converting surface acquisitions of seismic data to subsurface 3D images. With Dr. Hunnestad’s background in both material science and geophysics, he can effectively develop this multidisciplinary method and exploit it to reveal 3D transport properties of exotic topological states in functional oxides.  To begin the research, a two-year research stay at the University of Canterbury will enable two primary objectives: i)	Develop the computational method migration for cAFM purposes ii)	Perform experiments on materials hosting exotic topological states with technological potential.  In the return phase at the University of Oslo, the technique will be benchmarked against established electrical characterization techniques, leading to the final objective: iii)	Correlate quantitative electrical measurements to the cAFM data  The research will pave the way for future investigations of 3D systems, largely expanding other researchers capabilities to understand their materials. Furthermore, it will strengthen Dr. Hunnestad’s network and competence, bringing him in contact with experts in the relevant scientific disciplines: ferroic materials, computational methods and electrical characterization.

3D Imaging of Conductance Networks at the Nanoscale

The oceans are losing oxygen due to climate change. Among the largest impacts of oxygen loss may be in altering the behavior of zooplankton, the small animals that play a central role in marine ecosystems: as prey, predators, and carbon-flux mediators. The expansion of low-oxygen zones in deep waters may decrease the depth to which zooplankton migrate on a daily and seasonal basis. This change in their migratory behavior would impact the foraging success of their predators as well as reduce the ability of zooplankton to export carbon out of surface waters. O2ZOOM examines how the migratory behavior of krill, a key zooplankton species, is modified by low oxygen in a fjord habitat, and the ramifications for the global carbon pump, through a combination of novel acoustic observations, incubation experiments, and computational models. In O2ZOOM, I will 1) Investigate behavioral changes in krill in response to low oxygen through laboratory incubation experiments 2) Determine the migratory response of krill to low oxygen in a Norwegian fjord using novel acoustic techniques 3) Quantify the effect of low oxygen-induced behavioral changes in krill on carbon export in an individual-based model. O2ZOOM will produce a nuanced picture of the behavioral responses of krill to low oxygen, which would help disentangle the still-unquantified consequences of low oxygen for ecologically important fjord ecosystems, deep-ocean habitats, and, more broadly, the global carbon pump. Furthermore, through O2ZOOM, I will further develop my technical expertise (e.g. in acoustic tracking, advanced modeling, biogeochemistry analysis), expand my scientific network, and increase the impact of my research, steering my career towards answering big-picture questions on the cutting-edge of interdisciplinary ecology.

Impacts of ocean oxygen loss on zooplankton behavior and the carbon cycle

Towards Matching Bounds for Large Deviations

The proposed project considers the problem of finding matching bounds for dynamical large deviations of natural models in statistical physics and fluid mechanics. In a random system with a deterministic limit, dynamical large deviations describe the exponential decay of probability that the system is close to a trajectory different from the deterministic limit; classic works by Kipnis- Olla-Varadhan and Kipnis-Landim study such bounds. However, in many interesting cases, the available upper and lower bounds only agree when restricted to sufficiently regular trajectories.  Recent developments give the problem of investigating the matching bounds new momentum. On the positive side, Fehrman-Gess reached an important milestone in matching bounds for hydrodynamic limits by analysis of a PDE, and proved matching bounds for a family of SPDEs related to hydrodynamic limits. On the negative side, my previous work identified a case where the naïve bound is not sharp, related the existence of spurious solutions violating the energy identity. We will capitalise on these recent developments to identify cases where the expected rate function does, and does not, capture all interesting phenomena.  The project will be divided into two parts, taking these recent developments as a jumping off point. The first part will concern two examples where we expect to find matching bounds, while the second part investigates (anticipated) deviations from the classical theory. In WP1, we will investigate wide-reaching generalisations of Fehrman-Gess theory, in WP1a to the more challenging case of systems of equations, and in WP1b to rougher scaling regimes via the renormalisation group. In WP2, we will investigate one model which connects the existing counterexample to the derivation of turbulence from molecular dynamics, and another model in which we hypothesise that the violation of a key technical estimate leads to behaviour different from what is predicted in the literature.

The Arctic is warming at an unprecedented rate, leading to rapid glacier retreat and accelerated melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet. This has far-reaching consequences: rising sea levels, changing ocean geochemistry, and the amplification of global warming. Environmental and socioeconomic effects are already becoming evident, extending from the mid- to high latitudes. Nevertheless, uncertainties in the outcomes and severity of these changes persist due to our limited understanding of long-term glacier dynamics and their natural variability. Such can be gained from marine sedimentary records, given reliable proxies are available. GMPro will establish a novel biogeochemical indicator for past glacial meltwater discharge, based on barium-to-calcium ratios (Ba/Ca) in shells of benthic foraminifera. Combining modern calibrations and paleo studies in two key Arctic regions (Greenland, Svalbard), this project will (1a) establish barium pathways in fjords across spatial and temporal gradients of glacier melting and (1b) trace barium uptake into foraminifera shells using state-of-the-art micro-analytical techniques; (2) validate the new proxy against multiple established glaciological and oceanographical indicators; and (3) unlock histories of Arctic deglaciation under past, warm(-er than today) climates. The outcomes will enhance our understanding of glacier dynamics under a changing climate, and form the foundation for refining climate models, predicting future changes and supporting evidence-based adaptation strategies. Through GMPro, I will gain skills and experience in Arctic paleoclimatology and -oceanography, receive focused training in research leadership and management, and build an extensive network for future collaborations. These combined will be my steppingstone to becoming an interdisciplinary, independent and leading researcher within Arctic paleoclimatology and geochemistry.

Arctic glacier melting in warming climates: a new biogeochemical proxy for glacial discharge using Ba/Ca in benthic foraminifera

Proglacial lake impacts on the export of Organic carbon and Nutrients to Downstream ecosystems

Glacier retreat is accelerating in response to climate warming, leading to an increase in the number and total area of proglacial lakes globally. Proglacial lakes have the potential to modulate glacial runoff via sediment immobilization and in-lake biogeochemical cycling, with implications for the productivity and biodiversity of valuable downstream ecosystems. However, a quantitative understanding of the impact of proglacial lake modulation on the export of glacier-derived suspended sediment (SS), nutrients and organic carbon (OC) is currently lacking. POND will fill this critical knowledge gap by quantifying relationships between proglacial lake physical characteristics and changes in riverine fluxes of SS, nutrients and OC in rapidly deglaciating landscapes in Norway using a combination of remote sensing, field sampling, and biogeochemical analyses. Results will be used to inform a novel and globally relevant conceptual model of proglacial lakes as 'biogeochemical modulators' of glacial runoff. POND will be hosted at UiT the Arctic University of Norway, facilitating unrivaled low-carbon impact access to Arctic and temperate glacial field sites. This highly interdisciplinary project unites my track record in glacial dissolved organic matter chemistry with UiT's expertise in glacier biogeochemical cycling and landscape evolution at regional to global sales. A secondment at the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate will facilitate access to glacier and glacial lake inventories, supporting my training in the use of remote sensing and ensuring close collaboration with a water resource management stakeholder with direct interest in POND research findings. POND's unprecedented quantitative evaluation and conceptual model of the biogeochemical impacts of proglacial lake growth on SS, nutrient and OC export to downstream ecosystems will inform future ecosystem management and policy in glacially-influenced mountain regions worldwide. 

This MSCA-PF action in analysis of partial differential equations will establish instability, existence of dimension-breaking solutions, and necessary and sufficient conditions for highest waves in nonlocal and fully dispersive two-dimensional surface water wave equations. The objectives of this project will be achieved by implementing three interconnected work packages, each addressing key mathematical challenges related to water wave models: (in)stability, existence, and highest waves. Through these work packages, the project aims to establish instability theories of 2D surfaces, explore the existence of two-dimensional surface waves, and investigate the formation of highest singular waves in nonlocal water wave models.   The project is based at the Department of Mathematical Sciences (IMF), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway, with a three-month secondment at the University of Franche-Comté (UFC) in Besançon, France. We will also collaborate with external partners, who bring in expertise in spectral analysis, bifurcation theory, and the Nash–Moser method in water waves. The collaborations support the successful achievement of the project’s objectives and enhance the PI’s career development as an independent researcher. This proposal aligns with the Horizon Europe Work Programme by addressing challenges in the mathematical theory of water waves, advancing the state-of-the-art of nonlinear waves.   In addition to the research outcomes, the project includes lecturing and supervising activities, dissemination of the results in conferences, and participation in outreach activities organised by the NTNU. The research will be carried out within the research group "Differential Equations and Numerical Analysis", at the same department, whose head is the supervisor of the fellowship, Mats Ehrnström.

Existence, stability and highest waves in 2D-surface water waves

Bare en liten del av DNA blir til enhver tid transkribert og omgjort til fungerende molekyler, eller med andre ord, blir uttrykt. Friske celler har god kontroll over hvilke områder som er uttrykt, men kreftceller mister denne kontrollen så de kan vokse ukontrollert. Interessant nok fører dette til at kreftceller uttrykker et spesifikt molekyl kalt dobbeltrådet RNA. Dobbeltrådet RNA blir vanligvis bare laget av virus, så det er overraskende at dobbeltrådet RNA blir uttrykt fra vårt eget genom. Når dobbeltrådet RNA uttrykkes i kreftceller, kan det oppdages av immunsystemet og aktivere mekanismer som normalt brukes til å drepe celler infisert av virus. Å finne måter å aktivere denne antivirus-responsen i kreftceller er derfor en interessant tilnærming for fremtidig kreftbehandling.

Et problem er at vi ikke har gode verktøy for å måle dobbeltrådet RNA presist. I dette prosjektet vil vi utvikle en ny metode som kan måle dobbeltrådet RNA mer presist enn tidligere. Vi vil bruke metoden til å kartlegge dobbeltrådet RNA i det menneskelige genomet og måle dobbeltrådet RNA direkte i vev fra pasienter med tykktarmskreft og i nærliggende normalt vev. Disse målingene vil lære oss hvordan uttrykket av dobbeltrådet RNA endres når kreft utvikler seg og hvordan det varierer mellom pasientgrupper.

Vi vil også dyrke tarmorganoider fra pasienter for å modellere kreftbiologien. Tarmorganoider er «mini-tarmer». Disse små celleklumpene er dyrket i en gelé og inneholder mange av celletypene som finnes i tarmen, noe som gjør at vi kan studere tarmvevet i et kontrollert miljø. Vi vil derfor bruke organoidene sammen med vår nye metode for å måle dobbeltrådet RNA for å teste om bestemte legemidler kan indusere uttrykk av dobbeltrådet RNA. Sammen med våre målinger av dobbeltrådet RNA i kreftbiopsier vil dette prosjektet gjøre oss i stand til å forstå hvordan dobbeltrådet RNA uttrykkes i kreft, og hvordan vi kan utnytte det for å behandle kreft i fremtiden.

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is a feature of viral replication and can be sensed by innate immune receptors. Interestingly, disruptions in cellular pathways in cancer can lead to induction of endogenous dsRNA from our own genome which can activate innate immune receptors and lead to the death of cancer cells. A major challenge in the field is the lack of precise  methods to measure dsRNA. We are therefore developing a novel method that can measure dsRNA with single molecule resolution and describe its properties. In this project, we will use this method to describe the dsRNA landscape in colorectal cancer. These results will demonstrate a new cutting edge-method to measure dsRNA and provide knowledge for the future therapeutic exploitation of endogenous dsRNA for cancer treatment.

Initially, we will describe regions in the human reference genome that can give endogenous dsRNA. Through collaboration with clinical partners we will also apply our novel method to measure dsRNA in tissue from colorectal cancer patients and adjacent normal tissue. This will be the first precise measurement of endogenous dsRNA in cancer. Based on the in detail dsRNA measurement, we will also develop a simplified dsRNA metric to estimate endogenous dsRNA in public datasets. This will allow us to estimate dsRNA levels as colorectal cancer progresses, variations across colorectal cancer subgroups, and impact of treatment on dsRNA levels. Finally, we have established protocols to grow intestinal organoids derived from colorectal cancer patients. We will treat these intestinal organoids with potential dsRNA inducing drugs to discover novel pathways that can be used to induce endogenous dsRNA. 

As our method is a computational pipeline based upon commercially available reagents, we expect our method to be readily taken up by other researchers in the field. Ultimately, the data from this project will contribute to future development of cancer treatments targeting endogenous dsRNA.

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FRIPROSJEKT-FRIPROSJEKT

Intensionality and Forcing: A New Model-Theoretic Synthesis

Tildelt: kr 6,9 mill.

Prosjektperiode: 2026-2030

Sted: Oslo - Oslove

MSCA-Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA)

Democracies in the Climate Crisis: Redefining Citizenship and Statehood in Sinking States

Tildelt: kr 2,9 mill.

Prosjektperiode: 2026-2028

Sted: Oslo - Oslove

MSCA-Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA)

Using seed functional traits to understand and predict alpine plant responses to global climate change

Tildelt: kr 2,9 mill.

Prosjektperiode: 2026-2028

Sted: Vestland

MSCA-Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA)

3D Imaging of Conductance Networks at the Nanoscale

Tildelt: kr 4,1 mill.

Prosjektperiode: 2026-2029

Sted: Oslo - Oslove

MSCA-Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA)

Impacts of ocean oxygen loss on zooplankton behavior and the carbon cycle

Tildelt: kr 3,1 mill.

Prosjektperiode: 2026-2028

Sted: Oslo - Oslove