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Forskerprosjekt

Ettersom flere mennesker lever lenger, trenger vi flere helsetjenester, spesielt for akutte helseproblemer. Dette legger mye press på helsesystemet vårt, som inkluderer hjemmeomsorg, sykehjem, lokale klinikker og sykehus. For å sikre at vi kan ta vare på alle i fremtiden, må vi finne måter å hjelpe eldre mennesker med å holde seg sunne og unngå å trenge mye omsorg.
PAI-prosjektet jobber med dette problemet. Prosjektet bruker kunstig intelligens (KI) for å forutsi hvilken type omsorg eldre mennesker kan trenge ved å se på helsedata. Ved å oppdage helseproblemer tidlig, kan vi ta skritt for å forhindre at de blir verre. Dette kan bety at vi forhindrer fall i sykehjem eller endrer en persons medisinering på deres lokale klinikk. Dette bidrar til å unngå sykehusopphold, som kan være dyre og stressende.
Imidlertid er det vanskelig å forutsi helsebehov fordi dataene vi har kan variere mye. Det kan være forskjellig avhengig av hvor personen bor, og hvilke helseproblemer de har. For å håndtere dette, jobber PAI-prosjektet med mennesker som mottar omsorg og helsearbeidere for å utvikle KI-verktøy. Prosjektet tester disse verktøyene i virkelige situasjoner i Spania, Sverige og Norge.
Prosjektet bruker en blanding av metoder for å samle inn og analysere data. Dette inkluderer både tall (kvantitative data) og folks erfaringer og meninger (kvalitative data). Målet er å hjelpe eldre mennesker ved å gi dem riktig omsorg til rett tid, forhindre at skader og sykdommer blir verre. Det hjelper også helsearbeidere ved å sørge for at ressursene brukes effektivt og skaper et godt arbeidsmiljø. Løsningene de finner kan brukes på mange forskjellige steder.

As the population ages, the demand for healthcare services increases, including acute care. This puts a strain on healthcare resources, making efficient care management crucial at all levels - home, nursing homes, primary care, and hospitals.
The PAI project aims to address this challenge by using artificial intelligence (AI) to predict the care needs of older individuals. By analyzing patient monitoring data, the project can detect early signs of health or functional decline. This allows for preventive measures to be taken, reducing the need for costly acute care and aftercare. For example, hospitalizations can be prevented by avoiding falls in nursing homes or adjusting medication in primary care.
However, predicting the care needs of older patients is not straightforward. It involves dealing with varying data availability, quality, and potential interventions across different care levels and diagnoses. To tackle this, the PAI project uses a design science approach and a multiple case study design. It develops analytics in collaboration with care recipients and healthcare practitioners and implements them in real-life settings in Spain, Sweden, and Norway.
The project uses a mixed-methods strategy for data collection and analysis, combining quantitative and qualitative elements. This includes the thematic interpretative analysis of meeting notes, interviews, and observations, as well as the statistical longitudinal trend analysis of Key Performance Indicators in the respective healthcare systems.
The benefits of the PAI project are twofold. Older individuals receive adequate early care, preventing injuries and the worsening of diseases. Healthcare staff can use their resources more effectively, creating a sustainable and satisfying work environment. The outcomes of the project are scalable and can be applied in various contexts, making it a valuable contribution to the future of European healthcare.

Predicting Care Needs of Older Adults in the Healthcare System through AI-enabled Analysis of Patient-Monitoring Data

mSpider: a universal “digital adaptor” to extract physical activity and health data from wearable sensors

Limb wounds in horses are common, however healing is exceedingly slow and fraught with complications. Contrary to body wounds, limb wounds demonstrate only a small amount of wound contraction. The specialist procedure of applying split-thickness skin grafts to limb wounds stimulates wound contraction by unknown mechanisms. The objective of this project is to identify those mechanisms to develop a treatment strategy for equine limb wounds for use in general  practice. Limb wounds are severely impacting animal welfare due to an extended healing/treatment duration, and the risk of euthanasia due to a poor functional outcome. By stimulating wound contraction, healing time will be reduced, and the functional outcome improved, directly benefitting the welfare of wounded horse and reducing treatment cost for the owner. Aim: To identify dermal components stimulating wound contraction, and to develop this knowledge into future state-of-the-art treatment of equine limb wounds for use in general practice. Hypotheses: i) Application of dermal fractions to collagen gels seeded with equine fibroblasts will increase gel contraction in vitro; ii) Application of dermal fractions to experimental limb wounds in vivo, will increase wound contraction resulting in a faster healing time versus wounds treated by conventional methods. Methods: i) The contractile effect of different dermal components will be assessed in a collagen gel/ fibroblast model; ii) Identified dermal components will be tested in a standardized experimental limb wound model in vivo (n=5). Ultimately, results from this project are expected to improve wound treatment in horses, directly impacting animal welfare by reducing healing time and improving the functional outcome of wounded horses. This will also directly benefit horse owners and caretakers and making veterinarians able to offer better treatment solutions.

HESTEFORSK - Raskere og bedre sårheling hos hest med autologe hudkomponenter

Commercialisation of a beast cancer detection model developed for BreastScreen Norway

Developing Gene Therapy for Brain Diseases

Exploring ebselen Derivatives for Parkinson's Disease Therapy

Forecasting of bipolar episodes

Hovedmålet med kreftbehandling er å eliminere kreftceller og dette er tradisjonelt oppnådd ved kirurgi, bruk av giftige medikamenter (cellegift) og stråling. En ny og betydningsfull tilnærming til kreftbehandling kalt immunterapi, har derimot fått mye oppmerksomhet det siste tiåret; Her forsøker leger og forskere å utnytte immunsystemet vårt for å målrettet  ødelegge kreftceller. En nøkkelaktør i denne banebrytende tilnærmingen er en gruppe «drapsmenn» i immunsystemet kjent som cytotoxiske T-lymfocytter (CTL-er). Disse cellene har en bemerkelsesverdig evne til å oppdage kreftceller ved å gjenkjenne unormale molekyler på overflaten av kreftcellene - molekyler som friske celler ikke har. Når CTL-er gjenkjenner kreftcellene ødelegger de dem ved å frigjøre giftige molekyler som initierer kreftcellenes selvdestruksjon. 
 
Selv om betydelige innsats har blitt dedikert til å forstå hvordan CTL-er aktiveres og hvordan de gjenkjenner kreftceller, vet vi mindre om de påfølgende hendelsene inne i kreftcellene som fører til deres død. Fra før vet vi at CTL-er kan initiere to forskjellige typer celledød i kreft: den første, kalt apoptose, er en stille og ordnet prosess der kreftcellene krymper og brytes opp uten å varsle immunsystemet; den andre, kalt pyroptose, er en mer dramatisk prosess som involverer dannelse av åpninger i cellemembranen, noe som fører til at cellene svulmer opp og sprekker. Under denne cellebristen blir innholdet inne i cellene frigitt i omgivelsene, og dette kan fungere som 'faretegn' som kan stimulere en sterkere immunrespons mot kreftcellene. Betydningen av denne cellebristen for å forsterke anti-tumorresponsene vil bli undersøkt i dette prosjektet. 
 
Videre er vi fascinert av muligheten for å avdekke ytterligere, ennå ukjente, former for celledød indusert av CTL-er. Utforsking av disse dødsrelaterte prosessene i kreftcellene kan potensielt øke effektiviteten av immunterapi og bidra betydelig i den pågående kampen mot kreft.

The primary goal of most cancer therapies is to induce cancer cell death. Immunotherapy relies on the cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes such as natural killer cells (NKs) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to achieve this. While a significant amount of research in immunotherapy focuses on the events within cytotoxic lymphocytes or at the interface between cytotoxic lymphocytes and cancer cells, less is known about the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate cancer cell death, particularly in the case of CTL-mediated death.
CTLs are known to induce two types of cell death in cancer: non-inflammatory apoptosis and proinflammatory pyroptosis. Pyroptotic cancer cells release proinflammatory signals that attract immune cells to the tumor site, thereby enhancing the anti-tumor response. Cell lysis is a common outcome of pyroptotic cell death. It is unclear whether lysis can be decoupled from pyroptosis in cancer cells and whether the proinflammatory properties of pyroptotic cancer cell death depend on lysis. Moreover, it remains unknown whether CTLs can induce other forms of cell death in cancer, apart from apoptosis and pyroptosis.
Studying the mechanisms of CTL-mediated cancer cell death is challenging because CTLs selectively target cells expressing specific antigens. However, given the critical role of CTLs in immunotherapy, it is essential to deepen our understanding of CTL-induced cancer cell death.
This project aims to develop novel methodologies to investigate the death mechanisms that are initiated by CTLs. In addition, we will identify new pathways and mediators involved in CTL-induced cancer cell death. Furthermore, we will assess the contribution of proinflammatory cell death and lysis in promoting anti-tumor responses in vivo. Overall, this research will improve our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of CTL-mediated cancer cell death and potentially reveal novel targets to enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.

T-cell-mediated proinflammatory cell death and lysis in cancer

En av de vanligste, men minst studerte, utfordringene med å bli eldre er problemer med å kommunisere. Mange eldre sliter spesielt med pragmatiske ferdigheter, som å forstå undertekst, eller tilpasse det de sier til personen de snakker med. 

La oss si at en lege må gi en alvorlig beskjed til en pasient. For å gjøre det litt lettere å takle, bruker legen vagere språk, som "kanskje" i stedet for "sannsynligvis". Mens yngre voksne ofte tar hensyn til høflighetsstrategier i måten de tolker det som blir sagt på, har eldre ofte vanskelig for å forstå når noen snakker indirekte. Mange eldre voksne har vanskelig for å forstå ikke-bokstavelig språk og kan misforstå alvorlighetsgraden av diagnosen. Dette kan påvirke beslutningen deres om behandling, noe som kan føre til utilsiktede konsekvenser. 

Siden god kommunikasjon er viktig både i viktige medisinske samtaler og i hverdagen, er det viktig at vi finner ut hva som gjør at eldre kan ha vansker med å forstå og bli forstått. RESILIENCE skal hjelpe til med denne utfordringen ved å samle data om praktiske, kognitive og språklige ferdigheter hos voksne i alderen 18-90 år over tid. Dette vil gi oss en stor mengde data om pragmatiske, kognitive og språk ferdigheter og gjøre det tilgjengelig for forskning. Med denne dataen som grunnlag har vi følgende mål: 

• Forstå hvordan praktiske evner endrer seg generelt gjennom voksenlivet. 
• Finne ut hvilke mekanismer som påvirker pragmatiske evner på forskjellige tidspunkter i livet.
 • Utvikle en teoretisk modell som forklarer hvordan pragmatiske ferdigheter endrer seg med alderen.
 • Lage algoritmer som kan forutsi hvordan pragmatiske evner vil utvikle seg for enkeltpersoner i årene som kommer. 
• Utvikle og teste et verktøy som kan måle pragmatisk helse (både pragmatiske ferdigheter og deres underliggende mekanismer), noe som kan åpne  for å iverksette tiltak. 

Dette vil gi oss muligheten til å forstå bedre hvordan folk kan utvikle pragmatisk resiliens gjennom livsløpet.

A cornerstone of human communication is our reliance on pragmatic skills to guide linguistic interactions (e.g., reasoning about others' mental states to bridge the gap between what is said and intended in conversation). However these skills are highly sensitive to age-related decline, leading to miscommunication and uninformed decision making in the older adult population. This raises an important question, one which has puzzled linguistics and psychologists for decades: if pragmatic competence is fundamental to communication, why do individuals vary so much in this capacity? 

Traditionally, psychologists have approached pragmatic competence from a cognitive angle, reasoning that individual differences in executive functions (i.e., the cognitive skills associated with goal-directed actions) are what underlie effective pragmatic behavior. In a similar vein, language scientists have taken a linguistic approach, reasoning that one’s language background (e.g., the frequency with which individuals shift between languages) shapes pragmatic skills by enhancing sensitivity to the communicative context. This focus on either cognitive or linguistic influences has resulted in two expansive yet disparate areas of research.

RESILIENCE will unite these disciplines to pursue a longstanding debate on what underlies pragmatic resilience and decline using a large-scale, interdisciplinary and longitudinal approach. By gathering data on adults' (ages 18-90) pragmatic, cognitive and language skills over multiple time points, we will develop a comprehensive theoretical model that explains how cognitive and linguistic systems interact to shape pragmatic competence as we age, and create algorithms that predict the trajectory of an individual’s pragmatic abilities in upcoming years. Based on these results we will design a multidimensional tool that detects the earliest signs of pragmatic deficits, leading to future interventions, allowing us to uncover the paths to pragmatic resilience.

Uncovering the paths to pragmatic resilience

Sink er et essensielt mikronæringsstoff som kreves for funksjonen til hundrevis av proteiner involvert i et bredt spekter av biologiske prosesser. Etter inntak av sink fra kosten reguleres nivåene i kroppen nøye gjennom absorpsjon, sekresjon og ekskresjon via spesialiserte proteiner, såkalte sinktransportører, i tarmen. Enhver ubalanse er skadelig for menneskers helse, spesielt er tarmen følsom for sinkfluktuasjoner, hvilket påvirker tarmbarrieren og kan føre til inflammatoriske sykdommer og kreft i tarmen. 
På molekylært nivå er de presise mekanismene som styrer funksjonen til de ulike sinktransportørene fortsatt uklare. Hos mennesker finnes det over tjue slike proteiner, og de fleste inneholder områder rike på aminosyren histidin. Disse histidinene mistenkes å spille en avgjørende rolle i å binde sink. Nylig oppdaget vi et enzym som modifiserer disse områdene ved å sette metylgrupper på histidin, og viste at metylerte histidiner har en lavere affinitet for sink. Dette prosjektet har som mål å identifisere nye mekanismer som regulerer sinknivåer gjennom histidinmetylering av sinktransportører, å utvikle forskningsverktøy for effektiv studie av histidinmetylering, og å legge grunnlaget for nye behandlinger av tarmsykdommer.

The delicate balance of zinc levels in the body is essential for human health. Zinc is absorbed and excreted via intestinal zinc transporter proteins, and perturbations of this process are associated with pathologies, including inflammatory diseases and cancers of the bowel. The precise molecular mechanisms regulating zinc transport, however, remain a major knowledge gap. Based on the recent discovery of an enzyme methylating histidine residues in zinc transporters, and drawing on preliminary findings which demonstrate reduced affinity of methylated histidines to zinc, this project aims to identify novel mechanisms regulating zinc homeostasis through histidine methylation. We will examine the regulation and effect of histidine methylation on zinc transport in intestinal cell culture and organoids, and examine how knockout of the methylhistidine-generating enzyme affects the integrity and pathology of the intestinal tract in mouse models. In addition, we will identify reader proteins specifically recognizing methylhistidines and develop anti-methylhistidine antibodies and inhibitors to use as tools for detection, enrichment, and inhibition of histidine methylation. Such tools are urgently needed by the international research community, as none are currently available commercially. Overall, this project will lead to great advances in the field of protein regulation, and may uncover novel mechanisms in intestinal zinc transport and pathology.

Zinc transport regulation through histidine methylation

NEWPATH - Nye veier mot et lavkarbonsamfunn. Verdikjeden for kjøtt og meieriprodukter som interessefellesskap.

Midlene fra KLIMAFORSK-Stort program klima fordelt på år

Midlene fra KLIMAFORSK-Stort program klima fordelt på fylker

Midlene fra KLIMAFORSK-Stort program klima fordelt på fagområde

Senior Researcher

Based on Norway's political obligations related to climate mitigation, NEWPATH is focusing on lock-in and path dependency within the dairy/beef value chain. We explore how path dependency can limit system changes that would allow for dairy and beef production with a lower carbon footprint. 

The project employs an interdisciplinary approach to understand the relationship between value chain actors, and how socio-cultural, economic and technological lock-ins occur. Based on empirical research, NEWPATH also develops political recommendations to reduce path dependency and contribute to more climate-friendly dairy/beef production. 

The first step of the project involved understanding how the system looks and functions, by mapping links and lock-ins in both the farming sector and wider sectors of the community. 

Analyses of lock-ins at the farm level show how changing lifestyle preferences and role expectations, in line with the larger societal development, make farmers purchase milking robots, involving large investments and farm adaption, to obtain increased flexibility and increase the possibility of farm succession. Furthermore, this development brings increased competition for land, which again leads to various emission-generating solutions, such as the cultivation of peatland, renting of distant fields and conversion of arable production to fodder with the negative consequences to the climate that these solutions bring about. This study illustrates how mitigation measures might be made more effective by understanding and addressing the broader cultural/structural environment within which farmers and their families are located.

Findings concerning emission-generating solutions related to the increased robot-trend is challenged by the economic analyses at the farm level. Here, the results indicate that farms with the newest technology (milking robot) produce more intensively (i.e. the same amount of milk with less input) than other farms, and thus probably with fewer emissions per liter produced milk. Whether the milking robot has a positive or negative influence on total emission numbers is not known, but still, this general farm development has some negative consequences for the climate that should be dealt with. 

The project also includes an agent-based model that supports various socio-cultural and economic lock-in findings revealed at the farm level. In addition, we have found important lock-ins within the further value chain of milk and meat. The findings show that even though there is a desire for lower emission production, increased volume and efficiency in dairy and beef production are still promoted, combined with moderate measures to reduce emissions. The modesty in measures is among other things due to the perception that the opportunity for change only extends to the point where it is possible to combine climate gains with economic gains. Our findings on this indicate that the dairy and meat sector cannot be expected to reach the goal of reduced climate emissions on their own initiative. Voluntary treaties and pointed sector responsibility will not suffice. More radical changes seem to depend upon both push and pull actions from forces outside the agricultural system.

The stakeholder groups discussing change scenarios requested a more holistic understanding and approach to climate challenges in agriculture, where resource use, land use, structural development, and landscape to a greater extent is seen as connected.  

Policy change should mainly employ a structural perspective, and establish incentives that both influence farmers to do climate-smart farming, and ensure reduced emissions in line with the overall political goals.

The White Paper on climate change (Report No. 21 (2011-2012)) and the 2012 climate agreement in Stortinget (Innst. 390 S (2011-2012) require a commitment to radical reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, involving every level of society. However, there is  a lack of research addressing the underlying framework conditions and policy instruments that currently lock social-systems into carbon intensive development pathways.
 
NEWPATH examines the case of path dependency and lock-in in the beef/dairy value cha in in Norway as a 'community of interest'. Beef/dairy is important because of its connection with sustainable rural communities, the growing demand for beef in Norway, and the targeting of the sector by the authorities for considerable emission cuts. We t ake a value chain perspective in order to explore how other sectors ranging from transport to consumers create path-dependencies within the production system.

NEWPATH takes an interdisciplinary approach to addressing this issue. In particular, social res earch advised by actor network and convention theories is used to generate qualitative and quantitative data for the agent-based model that forms the centre of the project. The model will then be used to run scenarios for decreasing carbon output from the  beef/dairy value chain through policy mechanisms. Scenario analysis consulting key stakeholders will then be used to explore the wider consequences of such reduction (e.g. economic, environmental, social) and policies to promote transformation suggested. 

The outcome of NEWPATH will be a better understanding of how lock-in mechanisms may prevent social transformation into low carbon systems and how policy instruments can 'unlock' such systems. Because of the scope of the issue (lock-in across the entire  chain) and the interdisciplinary nature of the research NEWPATH will meet many challenges. However, the outcome will be essential knowledge for meeting Norway's climate change obligations over the coming decades.

New Pathways to a low carbon society: exploring the beef/dairy system as a community of interest.

Free organic radicals and radical chemistry has a great and continuous increasing interest within a large variety of research areas. In order to satisfy the crucial interaction between researchers and research groups worldwide working within this research  topic. A request was directed to Scandinavian resrechers working within the area of organic free radicals to be hosts for the forthcoming EUCHEM conference on Organic Free Radicals (year 2006). This request was accepted, and the chairmen for the conferen ce are:

Professor Hans-René Bjørsvik, e-mail: hans.bjorsvik@kj.uib.no
Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen
http://kj.uib.no/personer/bjorsvik 

Professor Lars Engman, e-mail: Lars.Engman@kemi.uu.se
Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Upp sala University
http://www.org.kemi.uu.se/Research/LarsE/LarsEngman.shtm 

Professor Troels Skrydstrup, e-mail: ts@chem.au.dk
Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus
http://www.chem.au.dk/da/staff/?action=3&person_id=115

The invited pleanary lectur es are:
1.	JoAnne Stubbe (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) 
2.	Bernard. T. Golding (University of Newcastle upon Tyne) 
3.	David J. Procter (The University of Manchester) 
4.	Kim Daasbjerg (University of Aarhus) 
5.	Mukund Sibi (North Dakota State U niversity, Fargo) 
6.	Yvan Guindon (Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal) 
7.	Philippe Renaud (University of Bern) 
8.	Takeaki Naito (Kobe Pharmaceutical University)  
9.	Samir Z. Zard (Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau) 
10.	Chryssostomos Chatgilial oglu (CNR, Bologna)
11.	Carl H. Schiesser (University of Melbourne) 
12.	Vidar R. Jensen (University of Bergen)  
13.	Thomas Carell (Ludwig Maximilians Universität München)  
14.	Leif Hammarström (Uppsala University)  
15.	Max Malacria (Université Pierre et Marie Curie- Paris VI)

EUCHEM 2006 Conference on Organic Free Radicals

Metal catalysis is extensively used in the formation of C-C bonds, but in the last decade free-metal catalytic processes are also desirable, expecially from an environmental point of view. The project will focus on the development of selective radical reactions involving electron deficient nitroarenes as catalysts, and various organic anions involved in single-electron transfer (SET) processes. Tentatively the process will be developed into  a general method for generating C centered radicals. Related to this field, addition to various vinylic species, radical cyclisation and tandem radical cyclisation will be directed to the synthesis of natural product moieties, where a high stereoselectiv ity degree is desirable. Investigations of factors influencing the stereochemistry of the process will be studied (e.g. Beckwith's rules). Another promising appolication of SET processes is for the formation of azo bonds, whose presence contributes to confer molecules special properties. Azo compounds have interesting pharmacological properties and are potential ligangds in metal complexes, so new easier synthetic approaches are of noteworthy interest. Synthesis of benzo(c)innolines, benzo(c,d)indazoles and biphenyldiazenes will be investigated. Subsequently synthesis of metal complexes and studies of their catalytic properties will be considered.

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